日本环境保全型耕地农业系统对中国耕地保护的启示

为解决中国农业长期粗放经营问题,研究中国耕地与生态文明协同保护体系,采用文献研究法和归纳演绎法,分析东亚地区代表国家环境保全型农业下的耕地农业协同体系。研究表明,日本的耕地农业环境保护支付制度、生态补偿市场认证体系、耕地农业法律制度保障,是建立在生态补偿原则上,经过实践检验行之有效的,能够提升市场参与度及农民自主性投入的耕地生态协同保护措施。中国在推广耕地合理利用实践方面做出了不懈努力,但是在建立耕地生态协同保护的休耕制度、因地制宜建立生态补偿体系、加快推进耕地生态协同保护专项基金的设立等方面还需进一步坚持和完善。     

潞城市有机旱作农业发展路径的初步研究

走绿色有机旱作之路是实现农田可持续、保障农产品质量产量的必由之路。近年来，潞城市遵循绿色有机这一发展思路，以封闭示范区带动有机旱作农业发展，农业现代化初见规模。通过调查研究该市有机旱作发展现状，并分析其存在问题并给出相应对策建议，对于有机旱作工作指示以及“长治路径”的打造具有一定参考价值。     

贵州农业发展现状及对策

定量化分析了新世纪以来贵州农业的发展,揭示了贵州农业新世纪以来在稳定粮食生产的基础上,在调整产业结构、经济作物生产上取得了长足的进展,2003-2012年贵州的蔬菜、水果产量分别增加了110.7%和84.4%。同时,分析了单产提高不快、化肥和农药用量增幅较快等当前存在的主要问题,并对未来贵州农业的发展提出了初步的对策。     

城市休闲方式的转变与运动休闲产业发展

21世纪是个变革的世纪，科技发展带动的社会生活的日新月异的变化深刻影响着人们的生活方式。在我国城乡差别较大的社会现状下，城市生活方式已悄然发生了变化并引领着全社会生活式向休闲化方向转变，而这其中运动休闲的生活方式在一定程度上起着主导作用，因而运动休闲产业得到了快速发展。反过来，运动休闲产业的发展又广泛地影响着城市生活方式的深层次变化。     

论孔子的休闲活动及休闲理念

孔子不仅是我国的思想家和教育家，而且还是一位善于休闲的大家。孔子一生有着丰富的休闲活动，且其休闲活动蕴含着颇有价值的休闲理念。孔子认同并践行休闲活动，并在休闲实践中用礼制教化和休闲淡然的方式规范休闲，提倡人与自然和谐的休闲理念，继而在休闲中发展了休闲的美学、哲学意境。孔子的休闲活动及休闲理念对于我们今天的休闲有着启示和借鉴的作用。     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

生物质炭对橡胶园土壤酸度及交换性能的影响

为合理运用热带农业废弃物改良酸性土壤,采用室内培养试验研究了加入15 g/kg和45 g/kg的椰炭、蔗炭、胶炭和蕉炭对橡胶园土壤酸度及交换性能的影响。结果表明:除加入蔗炭15 g/kg在培养第9 d、30~60 d和蔗炭45 g/kg的处理在培养第45 d外,四种生物质炭在两种添加量下在各培养时间内土壤pH均显著高于对照,土壤p H提升效果为蕉炭胶炭椰炭蔗炭,且不同生物质炭处理之间土壤p H提升效果差异显著;除添加蔗炭15 g/kg的处理外,其余三种生物质炭两种加入量均显著降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量,而土壤交换性氢仅在加入蔗炭45 g/kg和蕉炭15 g/kg、45 g/kg的处理上显著低于对照;此外,蕉炭、椰炭、蔗炭显著提高了土壤阳离子交换量和土壤盐基饱和度,但胶炭仅提高了土壤盐基饱和度。上述结果表明,蕉炭、胶炭、椰炭和蔗炭等热带农业废弃物生物质炭能提高橡胶园土壤p H,降低土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量,从而改善橡胶园土壤酸度条件。同时,以上生物质炭也能提高土壤阳离子交换量和土壤盐基饱和度。可见,蕉炭、胶炭、椰炭和蔗炭等热带农业废弃物生物质炭可用于改良热带橡胶园酸性土壤,但不同种类生物质炭及其用量在土壤改良效果上存在差异。     

美国农业保护性耕作技术的启示

为了学习与引进先进的保护性耕作技术,阐述了美国保护性耕作的起源,说明了传统耕作给农业生产带来的毁灭性的打击,并通过以免耕为主的保护性耕作的论述,进一步说明了黑龙江省耕作制度改革的必要性。同时通过美国先进耕作制度的论述,提出了黑龙江省发展保护性耕作制度的必要性和具体措施。